Art Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Art - Assignment Example The characters in the painting according to me are husband and wife but the painter confirmed that the painting is about a father and his daughter. (Guardian 2002). If she is the daughter of the man in the painting, then the painting can be interpreted in another way, the painting goes to show that she has no control of her life and she is dominated by her father, she should have got married long back but that’s not quite the case when one looks at the painting. Age has taken a toll on the woman in the painting and she should have got married long back, the same is probably making her depressed and reluctant to make eye contact. In this picture the husband has a stern serious look on his face, which represents his position as a provider. This also could represent an angry farmer who has worked too many years in the fields and would like to retire from his duties. Unfortunately I haven’t done any research regarding this picture and feel if I did look at what other people were saying it may change my own representation. I haven’t heard any background on this particular picture, but I have seen it many times. When I look at the painting, I think of the Amish culture, the women with their hair back, straight laced and abiding, having no voice as far as family decision making is concerned. The men with their serious duties as a provider, having most of the authority in regards to household and discussions are concerned. Many people continue to live in this way, but most are in rural areas of the country. The painter has depicted a painting that can be seen in varieties of ways. This representation of a man and women allow the viewer an open pallet for interpretation and imagination. If I had to label a title on this painting it would say â€Å"An American Couple.† I am not sure why I chose that but it was the first vision I created.

Case study ( Examining Students Learning Development )

( Examining Students Learning Development ) - Case Study Example This helps the instructor plan for the activities in the lesson and the form of assessment that he will use to gauge the student understanding (Vinson, 2015). The domain chosen here was the science domain in the broad academic domain. Different children have different qualities and abilities. The term exceptional or special, therefore, covers both of the two groups and is a huge factor in teaching planning (Heward, 2006). It is unavoidable that in the process of teaching every instructor has the chance of working with some exceptional or low ability students or students with special needs. There is a need to provide for a package designed for these diverse students. Different characteristics of students with extraordinary needs and characteristics that influenced my planning included a child with dyslexia, who had difficulty in acquiring the literacy skills and felt abused by the other students due to her inability to learn. The result was that she felt demoralized and unable to participate in class since she felt intimidated by the others. The other student who influenced my planning was a child with Downs syndrome. Children with Downs syndrome usually take longer to learn in class and introduction of new concepts need to be done in steps. This child with Downs syndrome had difficulties in expressing himself verbally, which was also a necessary aspect to look at in planning my class. In teaching my science lesson, I chose an afternoon where we could have a long session in the lab. The lab was a necessary resource. The main reason for choosing this reaching context is its relevance in teaching science. In this context, I divided my students into groups. The student with Downs syndrome and the student with dyslexia were also grouped. The other reason for my choice of teaching context was the ease of using charts and hands-on learning in the lab compared to the class environment. The lab also

Good teacher Essay Example for Free

Good teacher Essay If I were to describe one of my teachers that I have had throughout these years, the one who I considered a good teacher is my present English teacher. The reasons why I would like to characterize my English teacher are various. Firstly, she’s well to take responsibility. She came to teach punctually. Especially, she always keeps in touch with us to try hard to study by her homework for every day. She speaks English fluently, and her voice is so loud that can make students in the class easy to listen. Actually, when we tired, she always tells jokes that always keep us smiling. Secondly, she’s been teaching for long time, so she’s got many experiences. I like the way she pronounce clearly. Moreover, I could say she is a good explainer but she also gives her best in order to help students to improve their knowledge in English. She likes to correct us each time we make mistakes both in pronunciation and grammar. Thirdly, she’s a work hard teacher. She always do a research more new documents for  the students to easy to get understand. And she also got some music lyrics, puzzle, or any other to relax at the weekend or after exam. Sometimes, she looks strong-mined to make us to try hard to study but I know that inside shes very kind, polite and honest. In conclusion, I can say that, her lectures are well organized, interesting and her methods of teaching us demonstrate the desirable teaching method for our use. I thought that I’m very lucky that I’ve met a very good teacher like her.

Negative Effects of Technology on Society

Negative Effects of Technology on Society Negative Effects of Technology There is no doubt that technology is playing a critical role in developing societies as countries depend on it in all disciplines of life. Countries all over the globe are competing to invent and develop the highest technological devices that can maintain the highest efficiency and accuracy of the work. Starting from 1980s, people started to use technology every day. The use of technology kept rising dramatically that people used it in tiny things. That overuse resulted in many negatives. There are many negative effects of overusing of technology on societies but the three major effects could be health problems, privacy problems and social problems. One of the negative sides of the rapid use of technology on societies is the health issue. There is no doubt that the technology is getting better and spreading around the world. That led societies to deal with it almost every day to get their work done resulting in many issues. These issues can mainly be divided into two main categories which are mental health problems and physical health problems. First of which is the physical health problem, there are many physical health issues that caused by dealing with technology but the critical ones are weaken the eyesight. People who usually deal with computers for a long periods of time like programmers suffer from blurry vision and eye soreness. According to Tripp (2013), people who usually use computers for long terms experience serious issues such as soreness of the eyes and blurring the vision. That can be clearly seen since eyes have to concentrate all the time on the screen that emits dangerous radiations that affects the eyes criti cally leading the eyes to start dropping tears which can make the eye blurry. Resulting in soreness of the eyes on long terms. In addition, technology can cause mental problems for some. Some people who usually spend hours dealing with TVs and Computers without interacting with people get discouraged and get an independent behavior which results in fear of talking to people resulting them to suffer from mental disease called anxiety. Unfortunately nowadays, parents are exposing their children to technology without taking in consideration the cruel effects of such an action. Causing their children to suffer from many mental diseases. Crawford (2011) mentioned that due to spending huge amounts of time; huge number of children were diagnosed by di polar disorder, anxiety and depression resulting in using enormous amounts of psychotropic medications. That can be clearly seen since the parents does not take in consideration that technology isolate the child from the outer world thus they get mental diseases. To sum up, technology has double edged effects which are mental and physical problems. The second negative effect of overuse of technology on the society is the deprivation of privacy and security. As the world experiencing many advancements in the technology it is also facing problems of privacy and security that can strip the world from personal information. Firstly, privacy issues. Privacy problems are considered as one of the critical issues. Privacy issues are concerned with tracking locations and spying on information. It is very easy for professionals to trace and spy on any electronic device that connects to a network by simply tracking the IP location using programs then establishing connections by dominating over foibles resulting in accessing data of the user. For example, some advertising websites can track location, watch what users do and see what the users like and dislike by s doing a survey of which products are more preferred, while some countries usually spy on another countries to maintain its internal security and spy on extremely important informa tion. According to Thai serves group (2012), minister of communication in Iran mentioned that the western are spying on the internet resulting in spreading of corruption. That is clearly seen since the west have more advanced instruments that can track and spy on anyone in the world with high accuracy. In addition to privacy problems, security problems can negatively affect anyone in the world, it is concerned with stealing of information. It is known that information of users of any website are saved in cloud storage of the website. Professionals aim for that cloud storage. If it is not well secured all of users information including ID and passwords will be threatened. For example, if a professional hacker login a bank database, he would cause a fatal damage to the users and the bank, running away leaving almost no trace. â€Å"Computer predators† (n.d.) mentioned that while computers are connected to the internet, hackers send malwares to seek for financial information and transfer it to them. That can be clearly seen since many hackers have used these malwares to penetrate banks systems in the west. Wrapping up, technology affects dramatically on the privacy and security The third negative effect of overuse of technology on societies is the social issue. Through these years technology was getting more advanced not only in business and work fields but for numerous number of fields. One of these important fields that gains enormous amount of profit is the games field, which has been modified many times to make the games more realistic and has more similarities to the real life. Games are so realistic that killing and other disgusting scenes are included in games. The serious effects of games can be divided into two main categories which are temper fluctuating and lack of social skills .Firstly, due to killing and blood scenes in the games aggression spread among all the teenagers. According to Alamy (2012), teens who usually play brutal games become extremely aggressive. That can be clearly seen because watching such dangerous scenes make the teenagers or children more likely to attack people or cause critical damage to their friends in schools or in n eighborhood. In addition to aggression, lack of social skills is another result of overuse of technology. Sitting all the day working on electronics such as computers could isolate the person. It is clear that technology boosted communications by easily contacting anyone by just pressing a button. But in fact it is responsible for the rapid loss of the relationships. Nowadays some people could be having a date and they are actually sitting next to each other but in reality they are not having any kind of contact. According to Howarth (2014), children social skills are decreasing dramatically because of spending long periods of time interacting with technology. That is clear because the more the child is attached to technology the less his social skills will be. Wrapping up, technology affects socializing of children. Finally, technology was made to serve the world but people used it in intensive levels that it caused serious problems that are health problems, privacy problems and social problems. Health problems are considered as critical issues which affects mental and physical health of the user. Moreover, privacy is negatively affected due to spying and stealing of information of users. Furthermore, socializing is affected by rapid change of temper and lack of social skills. People should spend less time and communicate with each other and use technology in rates that it doesn’t hurt people to avoid getting any problems in the future. Word Count -1198

Polysiloxanes Synthesis and Structure

Polysiloxanes Synthesis and Structure Abstract Silicones (polysiloxanes) are widely used inorganic polymers containing silicon atoms. This category includes many other kinds of polymers such as: polysilanes, polysilazanes, polycarbosilanes and polysiphenylenes [1]. In this project we will focus on polysiloxanes: synthesis and structure properties relationships. First, a brief reference on the history of these materials will be made. Organosilicon compounds were synthesized for the first time in the 1860s, while the first polysiloxanes were made on the 20th century by F.S.Kipping [2]. Then, the ways to synthesize and produce them will be analyzed. This is not a simple synthetic route, while many different procedures take place. These procedures include the reduction of SiO2 into an active reduced form of silicon, hydrolysis/methanolysis and polycondensation or cyclization and polymerization [3]. A more comprehensive study will be made regarding the structure properties relationships. Different cross linking densities create silicones with different properties. Silicones can be categorized by their cross linking density into: silicone oils, elastomers and silicone resins. Silicone oils are linear polymers synthesized by ring opening polymerization. They are thermally stable and thus they can be used as heat transfer fluids. Elastomer silicones are cross linked polysiloxanes via vulcanization and can find application in cars and food containers. On the other hand, silicone resins have high cross linking density and as a result they have high thermal stability. For this reason they are used in colors applied in outdoor surfaces while they are also largely used as water repellants [3], [4]. Introduction Many different silicon containing polymers had been synthesized in the past (figure 1). The most important category of these polymers is the one of polysiloxanes or else silicones. Figure 1: Silicon containing polymers. The synthesis of organo silicon materials started in the 1860s. After 1900s the Grignard reagents became available and as a result major progress occurred. The first polysiloxanes were synthesized by F. S. Kipping in the beginning of the twentieth century. Kipping synthesized diorgano dichloro silanes, R2SiCl2, that could be hydrolyzed into R2Si(OH)2. He was expecting that if these compounds got dehydrated they would produce compounds similar to ketones, R2Si = O. For that reason they were named silic-ones. Soon he realized that, the products were actually polymers that contained Si-O-Si and not Si=O [2]. Polysiloxanes are considered as inorganic organic hybrid materials. The main chain is comprised of atoms of Si and O, whereas the side groups are comprised of alkyl groups (figure 2). Figure 2: Structure of a polysiloxane. This structure is enough to grant them with excessive properties, thus they can be used in many different applications in our everyday life. These polymers can be found as silicone oils, elastomers and resins. Silicone oils are linear polymers synthesized by ring opening polymerization. They are thermally stable and as a result they can be used as heat transfer fluids. Elastomer silicones are cross linked polysiloxanes via vulcanization and can be used in cars and food containers. On the other hand, silicone resins have high cross linking density and as a result they have high thermal stability. For this reason they are used in colors applied in outdoor surfaces while they are also largely used as water repellants [3], [4]. Synthesis The first step of the synthesis of silicones is the reduction of SiO2 into Si. Usually the reduction is done electro thermally with carbon (1) and then silicon is converted into SiCl4 with chlorination (2). Otherwise hydro chloro silanes can be produced by its reaction with HCl (3). Really important for the industry is the direct reaction of methyl chloride with silicon, something that was discovered E. G. Rochow and R. Mà ¼ller in 1940. Copper is used as a catalyst in the form of CuO, as shown in the reactions (4), (5), (6) and (7). The main and most important product from this direct reaction is the dimethyl dichloro silane, (CH3)2SiCl2. The rest products of these reactions are shown above in table 1. Table 1: Main products of the direct reaction MeCl with Si. Hydrolysis The next step is the hydrolysis of the dimethyl dichloro silane, which results into the formation of HCl and a mix of cyclic and linear oligomers of polysiloxanes. The hydrolysis is contacted in the liquid phase with 22 % HCl. The industrial process of the hydrolysis is shown in figure 3. Figure 3: Flow chart of hydrolysis, where a) Cooler; b) Exhaust; c) Phase  separation; d) Settling vessel; e) Water separator; f ) Neutralization and g) Pump Whereas, in diagram 4 there is a synopsis of the whole procedure including the step of hydrolysis. Figure 4: Hydrolysis Methanolysis During this process a direct recovery of Cl with the form of chloro methane from the methyl chloro silanes takes place. Silanes react with methanol in order to produce oligomers of dimethyl siloxanes and chloro methane. Methanolysis occurs according to the reactions: The process of methanolysis is shown above with a flow chart: ΄ Figure 5: Synthesis with methanolysis. And the reactions that take place are: 3. Cyclization Cyclization needs to take place in order for cyclic siloxanes to be produced. This process is done with the heating of the mixture that was produced during the previous steps with KOH. Figure 6:Flow chart of the synthesis of polysiloxanes. 4. Polymerization The usual method of producing linear polysiloxanes is the ring opening polymerization of cyclic polysiloxanes. A polymerization like that can occur under acidic or basic conditions. In general basic conditions are preferable. Anionic Consists a really important procedure for the industry and alkali metal hydroxide catalysts are used. The usual catalyst is potassium hydroxide, whereas other catalysts can be used according to their catalytic activity: Cs > Rb > K > Na > Li. The polymerization occurs rapidly with the addition of only a few ppm of potassium hydroxide at a temperature above 140 ÃŽÂ ¿C. The mechanism is: This reaction leads to the formation of mixture of linear silicones with approximately 15 to 18 per cent of cyclic silicones. In the end, the catalyst needs to get deactivated, usually with the addition of phosphoric acids. Cationic: Cationic polymerization can occur with the use of strong protic acids or Lewis. The mechanism of this reaction is yet unknown. Polycondensation: Another way to synthesize polysiloxanes is by polycondensation reactions of siloxanediols. Hydroxy oligomers of siloxanes can be condensated into polymers with higher molecular weight with the loss of water: Structure Properties Relationships Polysiloxanes can be categorized according to their cross linking density into: silicone fluids, elastomers and resins. Silicone fluids Silicon oils are linear polymers that can be produced by ring -opening polymerization, as described earlier. The flow chart of their industrial production is shown in figure 7. Figure 7: Flow chart of silicone fluids production. Silicon fluids posses a variety of useful properties, such as: Thermal stability ( Temperatures: 150 250 ÃŽÂ ¿C ) High hydrophobicity Dielectric properties Good damping behavior Resistance to radiation These exceptional properties is the reason why silicones oils are used so widely. For example because of their high thermal stability they can be used as a heat transfer media in the industry and not only. Moreover, their strong hydrophobicity enables their use as coatings. Figure 8: Silicone oil used as a heat transfer media. Silicone elastomers Silicones can easily be converted into rubbers through vulcanization. The initial material is a polysiloxane of high molecular weight produced by ring opening polymerization. Cross linking is essential. This can happen with radicals from the decomposition of organic hyper oxides. The hydrogen atoms are removed from the methyl functional groups and the silixane chains connect with each other with Si CH2 CH2 Si bonds. In an alternative version of the vulcanization polysiloxanes that contain a small quantity of methyl vinyl siloxane groups constitute the raw materials. In order for the vulcanization to begin alkyl-hyper oxides are being used but this time the mechanism is different as shown above: The ultimate tensile strength of these elastomers is low, but it can be improved with the addition of fillers. Except from the above, there are also silicone elastomers that the vulcanization occurs at room temperature. There are two types of different systems for this, with one component and with two components. For the systems of one component air exposure is necessary. A typical example of this type is being composed by di -hydroxy siloxane oligomers. The product of this reaction can be placed into a mold in order to attain the appropriate shape. Silicone elastomers attain a really high strength at high temperatures. This makes them one of the elastomers that are used in application that require strength into extreme environmental conditions. Moreover, they are and as a result they do not react with many chemicals. For this reason they are being used in biomedical applications, including medical implants. Figure 9: Silicone elastomers used in catheters. Products made from silicone rubbers can be found in our everyday life. They are being used into cars, food containers, clothes, electronics and in many other applications. Figure 10: Different applications of silicone elastomers in our everyday life. Silicone Resins They are cross linked compounds containing tri functional (T) and tetra functional (Q) silicon units (Q). The simplest silicone resins are produced from methyl chloro silanes with hydrolysis, either directly or indirectly (after the intermediate conversion into methyl trialkoxy silanes). Figure 11: Characteristic structures of silicone resins. Silicone resins can be used as additives paints especially for use in high temperatures. They can also be used as coatings on pharmaceutical pills and as encapsulants for electronic components. Figure 12: Silicone resins used in paints and electronic components. References [1] H.-H. Morreto, M. Schultze and G. Wagner, Silicones, Ullmanns Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry, John Wiley Sons, 2012 [2] A. Mitra and D. A. Atwood, Polysiloxanes and Polylanes Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley Sons, 2006 [3] R. G. Jones, W. Ando, and J. Chojnowski, Silicon Containing Polymers, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2000 [4] F. S. Kipping, Proc. R. Soc. London, A159, 139, 1937 [5] J. Heiner, B. Stenberg, M. Persson, Material Behaviour: Crosslinking of siloxane elastomers, Polymer Testing 22, 253-257, 2003 [6] R. drake, I. MacKinnon and R. Taylor, Recent advances in the chemistry of siloxane polymers and copolymers,Chemistry of Functional Groups, John Wiley Sons, 2009 [7] W. D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering, An Introduction,John Wiley Sons Inc., USA, 2007 [8] A. Colas and L. Aguadisch, Silicones in Pharmaceutical Applications, Chimie Nouvelle, 15 (58), 1779, 1997 [9] P.C. Hiemenz and T. P. Lodge, ÃŽÂ §ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¯ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ± ÃŽÂ  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¿ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã… ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½, ÃŽÂ  ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ½ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒ Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¼ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Ά¢ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ´Ãƒ Ã…’à Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ ÃŽÅ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ·Ãƒ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡, 2014 [10] S. R. Sandler, Polymer Syntheses, Academic Press, 1997

Breast Implants Essay -- essays research papers fc

Breast Implants In the early 1980’s breast implants began gaining popularity, but they have been on the market since the early 1960’s. They were invented by plastic surgeons Cronin and Gerow. Dow Corning began manufacturing them commercially in 1962. Today over two million women have undergone breast augmentation surgery. There are many negative consequences that may arise from the surgery, and there is always the risk of infection or rupture. When beginning my research on the subject I assumed there would be a plethora of information. I was shocked to find out that there wasn’t. Silicone breast implants have been around for 40 years and there have been very few studies on their consequences, and possible effects on a woman’s body. The Food and Drug Administration has never approved the use of silicone implants. It is a surprising fact, because silicone implants are still being used today, but only by women who agree to be in a study of their safety. The politics surround ing breast augmentation are sketchy for lack of a better word. They have been promoted as being safe, yet their safety has never been fully questioned. While looking online, I found a variety of websites on the subject. There were many websites from the plastic surgery industry promoting breast implants as being safe. Then there were the websites like http://www.siliconeholocaust.org, this was by far the most disturbing site I have ever seen. There were dozens of pictures of real women who had their lives ruined by breast implants. If these, and other women had the little information that is available on the subject, they may have opted not to have the surgery because of the unnecessary consequences they now suffer. Every woman has her own reasons behind her decision to get breast implants. Some women have undergone mastectomies, and get breast implants in order to feel â€Å"normal† again. According to the National Women’s Health Network (http://www.womenshealthnetwork.org) women who have lumpectomies have the same survival rate of women who have mastectomies as a result of breast cancer. They concluded that up to 40 percent of women who were diagnosed with breast cancer underwent unnecessary mastectomies. These mastectomies, whether necessary or not may lead to women to undergo breast augmentation surgery. Other women have always felt that their breasts were too small, and out of proportion ... ...o have had breast implants often cannot get health insurance because they have an increased risk of illness. If a woman is able to obtain health insurance she may have to pay a higher premium because of her past plastic surgery history. After learning of the negative consequences that may, and probably will arise from breast implants, it is surprising that so many women are still getting them. It is major surgery and the benefits of having larger breast is not worth the unnecessary chance of death or serious pain for life. More work needs to be done on the study of breast implants because women need to know what they are putting in their bodies. Breast implant manufacturers need to be held responsible, and plastic surgeon should be required to make sure every woman is fully aware of all the possible side effects before she has any type of surgery done. Works Cited Brown University, Department of Biology and Medicine. 14 Feb. 2003 . Darrick Antell Homepage. 15 Feb. 2003 . Department of Health. 15 Feb. 2003 . National Center For Policy (CPR) For Women & Families. 18 Nov. 2002 . National Women’s Health Network. 3 Mar. 2003 . Silicone Gel Breast Implants. 14 Feb. 2003 .

Sexuality and the Grotesque in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay -- essays

Sexuality and the Grotesque in Toni Morrison's Beloved Grotesque images of rape, murder, and sexual abuse are recurring throughout Toni Morrison's novel Beloved. The ideals of the white oppressor, be it murder, rape, or sexual abuse were powerful forces that shaped the lives of many of the characters, especially the character Sethe. Rape and sexual abuse are two grotesque instances expressed throughout the novel. The most often referred to is the incident when Schoolteacher?s nephews stole Sethe?s breast milk but many other incidents included Paul D was forced to felicitate prison Guards on the chain gang every morning. Ella is locked up and repeatedly raped by a father and son she calls ?the worst yet?. Stamp Paid?s wife Yashti is forced to have sex by her enslaver. Baby Suggs is compelled to have sex with ?a straw? boss who later breaks his coercive promise not to sell her children. Sethe?s mother is ?taken up my many in the crew? and Sethe is put in the position where she must endure ten minutes of sex with the tombstone engraver so the tombstone could read ?Beloved.? ?This act is a key note for the whole book: in the world of slavery and poverty, where human beings are merchandise, everything has its price and the price is tyrannical.? (Atwood 39-40) With all the sexual abuse throughout the novel, the most referred to and seemingly most atrocious was when Schoolteacher. ?The schoolteacher, he?s a sort of master-race proponent who measures the heads of the slaves and tabulates the results to demonstrate that they are more like animals than people.? (Atwood 40) ordered his nephews to steal Sethe?s breast milk. ?They used a cowhide on you?? ?And they took my milk.? ?They beat you when... ...owards the oppressive slave owners. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. "Haunted by Their Nightmares." Bloom's Guides Toni Morrison's Beloved. Ed. Amy Sickels. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House, 2004. 39-42. Atwood, Margaret. "Margaret Atwood on the Practical Uses of the Supernatural in Beloved." Critical Essays on Toni Morrison's Beloved. Ed. Barbara H. Solomon. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1998. 29-32. Barnette, Pamela E. "Pamela E. Barnette on Images of Rape and the Supernatural in Beloved." Bloom's Guides Toni Morrison's Beloved. Ed. Amy Sickels. Broomall, PA: Chelsea House, 2004. 67-69. Corey, Susan. "Susan Corey on the Grotesque in Beloved." Critical Essays on Toni Morrison's Beloved. Ed. Barbara H. Solomon. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1998. 106-115. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Alfred a. Knopf, 1987.